First posted: March 4, 2012 Last update: February 26, 2015
Please note: These pages extend the very first overview of the Big Board-little universe (January 2012), as well as a working-draft for an article for the academic community that was written for Wikipedia and within Wikipedia (March 2012). At that time, the working assumption was that a base-2 chart from the Planck Units was out there in some academic journal; it just hadn’t yet been indexed by Google. Then, it seemed that Wikipedia would be a good place to get high schools working together to further develop this concept-rich environment that was being ignored. That was the early assumption in the early days of 2012. Our first draft for a working article was accepted and published early in April but then on May 3, 2012 a group of specialists within Wikipedia rejected it as “original research” and it was deleted. Another article for the general public (and perpetual students) was also written in March 2012 and was not accepted for publication. We are posting both as blogs on the web in an attempt to find out what was wrong with our simple logic, mathematics, and geometry. What is simple? … a point? Yet, by definition a point cannot have dimension. So then, is it a vertex? …a node? Could this area be a point-free geometry? What kind of singularity might these Planck Units be? The very first doublings are a key to understand all the doublings. Yet, without question, this analysis will be an on-going process for the foreseeable future. It is a rather idiosyncratic access path to attempt to grasp the nature of reality by positing a small-scale universe that amounts to a pre-structure of all structure, one that gives rise to nodes or vertices, edges or lines, triangles and a multiplicity of 3D objects, and then to stuff of the human scale. So, it seems we must begin with most simple, the Planck Units, particularly the Planck Length, and begin to see what we can see in the process of multiplying by two. This type of exponential growth is called base-2. It creates a scale or orders of magnitude, a doubling (categories, clusters, groups, layers, notations, sets, steps and more). Powers-of-two and Exponentiation based on the Planck length. Herein it is referred to as Base-2 Exponential Notation (B2). Can the universe, from the smallest to the largest, be seen in a more meaningful way using base-2 instead of base-ten scientific notation (B10) as used by Kees Boeke in 1957? B2 renders more granularity and a necessary relationality through imputed (instantiated) nested or combinatorial geometries. The project originated with a series of five high-school geometry classes in December 2011. In looking at the five platonic solids, particularly the tetrahedron, the question was asked, “How far within could we go before hitting the walls of measurement or knowledge? Then, how far can we go before hitting the Planck Length?” When we divided in half each of the six edges of a tetrahedron and connect those new vertices, we would find four half-sized tetrahedrons in each corner and an octahedron in the middle. Doing the same division within the octahedron, we find six half-sized octahedrons in each corner and eight tetrahedrons, one in each face. Within each object, we once assumed that we could divide those edges in half forever. Yet, unlike the limitless paradox introduced by Zeno (ca. 490 BC – ca. 430 BC), we had learned that the smallest conceptual measurement of a length within space and time was defined mathematically in and around 1899 by Max Planck. Though the Planck Constant, and Planck Length particularly, have not been universally accepted within the scientific community, it is a powerful concept based upon some of the most basic fundamentals of physics. The Planck length is so small, it is written using exponential notation. The number is 1.616199(97)x10-35 meters. As a starting point we looked at many of the online references to the Planck length. In March 2012, there were just 276 Google links to the number, 1.616199, (virtually none). In our last review there were over 140,000. Over the next few years, we suspect those references will grow even more substantially. It has to be one of the more important numbers within space and time. In this simple exercise, take the Planck length and multiply it by 2, until we reach something that is measurable today (the diameter of a proton) and then to objects within the human scale, and finally to the edges of the Observable Universe. Mathematically, it will require somewhere over 200 notations or doublings. We arrived at several different numbers, one by a senior NASA scientist, now retired, and another by a French astrophysicist who gave us the figure of 205.1 notations (and he explains the difference – see footnote #5). In five columns, the first column is the base-ten notations. The second column is a Planck number based on the number of base-2 notations from the Planck length. The third column is the number of primary vertices, the powers of two. The fourth column is for the incremental increase in size (length). And, the fifth column will continue to be used for simple reflections. Notations: Clusters, Domains, Doublings, Groups, Layers, Sets |
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B10 |
B2 |
Primary |
Planck Length Multiples |
Discussions, Examples, Information, Speculations: |
1 |
0
|
2^0=1 | 1.616199(97)×10-35m | At the Planck Length, though it is a truly just a concept, let us take it as a given and that it is a special kind of vertex that is pointlike and a special kind of singularity. [Editor’s note: This page was compiled before the advice of Freeman Dyson was received that we should be using scaling laws and dimensional analysis, thus multiplying the vertices by 8.] |
1 | 1 | 2^1=2 | 3.23239994×10-35m | At the first notation or doubling, there are two vertices or nodes, perhaps the shortest possible line or edge. Nobody knows where current string theory comes into play.This is a domain for speculative work, but we suspect even superstring theory as it is currently understood comes much later. Perhaps we can only say that a two-dimensional object, a simple circle and a possible sphere emerge here and with every subsequent doubling. One might say that this notation is a necessary condition or initial condition for every subsequent doubling. Perhaps this might be called source code. |
1 | 2 | 2^2=4 | 6.46479988×10-35m | At the second notation there are four vertices or nodes. One might imagine that there are several logical possibilities yet within this speculative system, the simplest seems most logical. Three vertices form a triangle that define a plane and the fourth vertex forms a tetrahedron that defines the first three dimensions of space. Within the confines of the sphere, Pi or Π, that tetrahedron unfolds with the stacking of four equal spheres. |
2 | 3 | 2^3=8 | 1.292959976×10-34m | At the third doubling there are eight vertices. Again, one might imagine that the activity is still based on the sphere.
At some point the logical possibilities could possibly be expanded to include placing the vertices either inside the tetrahedron, on the edges of the tetrahedron or outside the tetrahedron. Again, it would seem that an octahedron and four tetrahedrons could readily begin to emerge. If added within (see the close-packing of equal spheres in Wikipedia), tetrahedral close-packed structures emerge. If added externally, with just three additional vertices, a tetrahedral pentagon is created of five tetrahedrons (picture to be added. |
2 | 4 | 2^4=16 | 2.585919952×10-34m | At the fourth doubling there are sixteen vertices. If any one of the vertices were to become a center point, and 10 vertices are extended from it, a tetrahedral icosahedron chain begins to emerge (picture to be added). With twenty vertices a simple dodecahedron is possible. And with the icosahedron, all five platonic solids are accounted. Among the many possibilities, in another configuration, a cluster of four polytetrahedral clusters (a total of 20 tetrahedrons) begin to emerge and completes with twenty vertices (picture to be added). With the tetrahedron these vertices could also divide the edges of the internal four tetrahedrons and one octahedron. If the focus was entirely within the octahedron, the first shared center point of the octahedron would begin to be defined and by the 18th vertex of the fourteen internal parts, eight tetrahedrons (one in each face) and the six octahedrons (one in each corner) would be defined (picture to be added). |
2 | 5 | 2^5=32 | 5.171839904×10-34m | At the fifth notation, there are 32 vertices. Here there is a possibility for a cluster of eight tetrahedral pentagons to emerge and complete with 34 vertices. Simple logic and the research within the work on cellular automaton suggest that the most simple possible structures emerge first |
3 | 6 | 2^6=64 | 1.0343679808×10-33m | At the sixth notation, there are 64 vertices. With just 43 of these, a hexacontagon could be created. It has 12 polytetrahedral clusters with an icosahedron in the middle. |
3 | 7 | 2^7=128 | 2.0687359616×10-33m | By the seventh doubling, the possibilities become more textured. The results are not. Simple exponential notation based on the power of two is well documented. Of course, by using base-2 exponential notation and starting at the Planck length, necessary relations might be intuited. |
3 | 8 | 2^8=256 | 4.1374719232×10-33m | Geometric complexification will be discussed. The nature of the perfect fittings, octahedrons and tetrahedrons, and the imperfect fitting, tetrahedrons making a pentastar or icosahedron, need review. |
3 | 9 | 2^9=512 | 8.2749438464×10-33m | In that pentastar the 7.368 degree spread — that is 1.54 steradians — increases within the icosahedron. |
4 | 10 | 1024 | 1.65498876928×10-32m | _ |
4 | 11 | 2048 | 3.30997752836×10-32m | _ |
4 | 12 | 4096 | 6.61995505672×10-32m | _ |
5 | 13 | 8192 | 1.323991011344×10-31m | _ |
5 | 14 | 16,384 | 2.647982022688×10-31m | _ |
5 | 15 | 32,768 | 5.295964045376×10-31m | _ |
6 | 16 | 65,536 | 1.0591928090752×10-30m | _ |
6 | 17 | 131,072 | 2.1183856181504×10-30m | _ |
6 | 18 | 262,144 | 4.2367712363008×10-30m | _ |
6 | 19 | 524,288 | 8.4735424726016×10-30m | _ |
7 | 20 | 1,048,576 | 1.69470849452032×10-29m | _ |
7 | 21 | 2,097,152 | 3.38941698904064×10-29m | more information |
7 | 22 | 4,194,304 | 6.77883397808128×10-29m | _ |
8 | 23 | 8,388,608 | 1.355766795616256×10-28m | _ |
8 | 24 | 16,777,216 | 2.711533591232512×10-28m | _ |
8 | 25 | 33,554,432 | 5.423067182465024×10-28m | _ |
9 | 26 | 67,108,864 | 1.0846134364930048×10-27m | _ |
9 | 27 | 134,217,728 | 2.1692268729860096×10-27m | |
9 | 28 | 268,435,456 | 4.3384537459720192×10-27m | _ |
9 | 29 | 536,870,912 | 8.6769074919440384×10-27m | _ |
10 | 30 | 1,073,741,824 | 1.73538149438880768×10-26m | _ |
10 | 31 | 2,147,483,648 | 3.47076299879961536×10-26m | _ |
10 | 32 | 4,294,967,296 | 6.94152599×10-26m | _ |
11 | 33 | 8,589,934,592 | 1.3883052×10-25m | _ |
11 | 34 | 1.7179869×1011 | 2.7766104×10-25m | Actual number: 17,179,869,184 vertices |
11 | 35 | 3.4359738×1011 | 5.5532208×10-25m | 34,359,738,368 |
12 | 36 | 6.8719476×1011 | 1.11064416×10-24m | 68,719,476,736 |
12 | 37 | 1.3743895×1012 | 2.22128832×10-24m | 137,438,953,472 |
12 | 38 | 2.7487790×1012 | 4.44257664×10-24m | 274,877,906,944 |
12 | 39 | 5.4975581×1011 | 8.88515328×10-24m | 549,755,813,888 |
13 | 40 | 1.0995116×1012 | 1.77703066×10-23m | 1,099,511,627,776 |
13 | 41 | 2.1990232×1012 | 3.55406132×10-23m | 2,199,023,255,552 |
13 | 42 | 4.3980465×1012 | 7.10812264×10-23m | 4,398,046,511,104 |
14 | 43 | 8.7960930×1012 | 1.42162453×10-22m | 8,796,093,022,208 |
14 | 44 | 1.7592186×1013 | 2.84324906×10-22m | 17,592,186,044,416 |
14 | 45 | 3.5184372×1013 | 5.68649812×10-22m | 35,184,372,088,832 |
15 | 46 | 7.0368744×1013 | 1.13729962×10-21m | 70,368,744,177,664 |
15 | 47 | 1.4073748×1014 | 2.27459924×10-21m | 140,737,488,355,328 |
15 | 48 | 2.8147497×1014 | 4.54919848×10-21m | 281,474,976,710,656 |
15 | 49 | 5.6294995×1014 | 9.09839696×10-21m | 562,949,953,421,312 |
16 | 50 | 1.12589988×1015 | 1.81967939×10-20m | 1,125,899,906,842,624 |
16 | 51 | 2.25179981×1015 | 3.63935878×10-20m | 2,251,799,813,685,248 |
16 | 52 | 4.50359962×1015 | 7.27871756×10-20m | 4,503,599,627,370,496 |
17 | 53 | 9.00719925×1015 | 1.45574351×10-19m | 9,007,199,254,740,992 |
17 | 54 | 1.80143985×1016 | 2.91148702×10-19m | 18,014,398,509,481,984 |
17 | 55 | 3.60287970×1016 | 5.82297404×10-19m | 36,028,797,018,963,968 |
18 | 56 | 7.205759840×1016 | 1.16459481×10-18m | 72,057,594,037,927,936 |
18 | 57 | 1.44115188×1017 | 2.32918962×10-18m | 144,115,188,075,855,872 |
18 | 58 | 2.88230376×10 17 | 4.65837924×10-18m | 288,230,376,151,711,744 |
18 | 59 | 5.76460752×1017 | 9.31675848×10-18m | 576,460,752,303,423,488 |
19 | 60 | 1.15292150×1018 | 1.86335169×10-17m | 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 |
19 | 61 | 2.30584300×1018 | 3.72670339×10-17m | 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 |
19 | 62 | 4.61168601×1018 | 7.45340678×10-17m | 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 |
20 | 63 | 9.22337203×1018 | 1.49068136×10-16m | 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 |
20 | 64 | 1.84467440×1019 | 2.98136272×10-16m | 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 |
20 | 65 | 3.68934881×1019 | 5.96272544×10-16m | 36,893,488,147,419,103,232 |
21 | 66 | 7.37869762×1019 | 1.19254509×10-15m | 73,786,976,294,838,206,464 |
21 | 67 | 1.47573952×1020 | 2.38509018×10-15m | 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 |
21 |
67 |
1.47573952×1020 |
2.38509018×10-15m | 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 |
21 | 68 |
2.95147905×1020 |
4.77018036×10-15m | 295,147,905,179,352,825,856 |
21 | 69 |
5.90295810×1020 |
9.54036072×10-15m | 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 |
22 | 70 |
1.18059162×1021 |
1.90807214×10-14m | 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 |
22 | 71 |
2.36118324×1021 |
3.81614428×10-14m | 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 |
22 |
72 |
4.72236648×1021 |
7.63228856×10-14m | 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 |
23 | 73 |
9.44473296×1021 |
1.52645771×10-13m | 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 |
23 |
74 |
1.88894659×1022 |
3.05291542×10-13m | 18,889,465,931,478,580,854,784 |
23 |
75 |
3.77789318×1022 |
6.10583084×10-13m | 37,778,931,862,957,161,709,568 |
24 | 76 |
7.55578637×1022 |
1.22116617×10-12m | 75,557,863,725,914,323,419,136 |
24 | 77 |
1.51115727×1023 |
2.44233234×10-12m | 151,115,727,451,828,646,838,272 |
24 |
78 |
3.02231454×1023 |
4.88466468×10-12m | 302,231,454,903,657,293,676,544 |
24 | 79 |
6.04462909×1023 |
9.76932936×10-12m | 604,462,909,807,314,587,353,088 |
25 |
80 |
1.20892581×1024 |
1.95386587×10-11m | 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 |
25 | 81 |
2.41785163×1024 |
3.90773174×10-11m | 2,417,851,639,229,258,349,412,352> |
25 | 82 |
4.83570327×1024 |
7.81546348×10-11m | 4,835,703,278,458,516,698,824,704 |
_ | _ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ |
26 | 83 |
9.67140655×1024 |
.156309264 nanometers or 1.56309264×10-10m |
9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 |
26 | 84 |
1.93428131×1025 |
.312618528 nanometers | 19,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816 |
26 | 85 |
3.86856262×1025 |
.625237056 nanometers | 38,685,626,227,668,133,590,597,632 |
_ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ | |
27 | 86 |
7.73712524×1025 |
1.25047411 nanometers or or 1.25047411×10-9m |
77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 |
27 | 87 |
1.54742504×1026 |
2.50094822 nanometers | 154,742,504,910,672,534,362,390,528 |
27 | 88 |
3.09485009×1026 |
5.00189644 nanometers | 309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056 |
_ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ | |
28 | 89 |
6.18970019×1026 |
10.0037929 nanometers or 1.00037929×10-8m |
618,970,019,642,690,137,449,562,112 |
28 | 90 |
1.23794003×1027 |
20.0075858 nanometers | 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 |
28 | 91 |
2.47588007×1027 |
40.0151716 nanometers | 2,475,880,078,570,760,549,798,248,448 |
28 | 92 |
4.95176015×1027 |
80.0303432 nanometers | 4,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896 |
_ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ | |
29 | 93 |
9.90352031×1027 |
160.060686 nanometers or 1.60060686×10-7m |
9,903,520,314,283,042,199,192,993,792 |
29 | 94 |
1.98070406×1028 |
320.121372 nanometers | 19,807,040,628,566,084,398,385,987,584 |
29 | 95 |
3.96140812×1028 |
640.242744 nanometers | 39,614,081,257,132,168,796,771,975,168 |
_ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ | |
30 | 96 |
7.92281625×1028 |
1.28048549 microns or 1.28048549×10-6m |
79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 |
30 | 97 |
1.58456325×1029 |
2.56097098 microns | 158,456,325,028,528,675,187,087,900,672 |
30 | 98 |
3.16912662×1029 |
5.12194196 microns | 316,912,650,057,057,350,374,175,801,344 |
_ | _ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ |
31 | 99 |
6.33825324×1029 |
10.2438839 microns or 1.02438839×10-5m |
633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,688 |
31 | 100 |
1.26765065×1030 |
20.4877678 microns | 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 |
31 | 101 |
2.53530130×1030 |
40.9755356 microns | 2,535,301,200,456,458,802,993,406,410,752 |
31 | 102 |
5.07060260×1030 |
81.9510712 microns | 5,070,602,400,912,917,605,986,812,821,504 |
_ | _ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ |
32 | 103 |
1.01412052×1031 |
.163902142 millimeters or 1.63902142×10-4m |
10,141,204,801,825,835,211,973,625,643,008 |
32 | 104 |
2.02824104×1031 |
.327804284 millimeters | 20,282,409,603,651,670,423,947,251,286,016 |
32 | 105 |
4.05648208×1031 |
.655608568 millimeters | 40,564,819,207,303,340,847,894,502,572,032 |
_ | _ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ |
33 | 106 |
8.11296416×1031 |
1.31121714 millimeters or 1.31121714×10-3m |
81,129,638,414,606,681,695,789,005,144,064 |
33 | 107 |
1.62259276×1032 |
2.62243428 millimeters | 162,259,276,829,213,363,391,578,010,288,128 |
33 | 108 |
3.24518553×1032 |
5.24486856 millimeters | 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 |
_ | _________________ | ______________________ | ________________________ | |
34 | 109 |
6.49037107×1032 |
1.04897375 centimeters or 1.04897375×10-2m |
649,037,107,316,853,453,566,312,041,152,512 |
34 | 110 |
1.29807421×1033 |
2.09794742 centimeters | 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024 |
34 | 111 |
2.59614842×1033 |
4.19589484 centimeters | <2,596,148,429,267,413,814,265,248,164,610,048 |
34 | 112 |
5.19229685×1033 |
8.39178968 centimeters | 5,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096 |
35 | 113 |
1.03845937×1034 |
16.7835794 centimeters or 1.67835794×10-1m |
10,384,593,717,069,655,257,060,992,65844,0192 |
35 | 114 |
2.0769437×1034 |
33.5671588 centimeters | 20,769,187,434,139,310,514,121,985,316,880,384 |
35 | 115 |
4.1538374×1034 |
67.1343176 centimeters | 41,538,374,868,278,621,028,243,970,633,760,768 |
36 |
116 |
8.3076749×1034 |
1.3426864 meters or 52.86 inches |
83,076,749,736,557,242,056,487,941,267,521,536 |
36 | 116 | 8.3076749×1034 | 1.3426864 meters or 52.86 inches | 83,076,749,736,557,242,056,487,941,267,521,536 |
36 | 117 | 1.66153499×1035 | 2.6853728 meters | 166,153,499,473,114,484,112,975,882,535,043,072 |
36 | 118 | 3.32306998×1035 | 5.3707456 meters | 332,306,998,946,228,968,225,951,765,070,086,144 |
37 | 119 | 6.64613997×1035 | 10.7414912 meters | 664,613,997,892,457,936,451,903,530,140,172,288 |
37 | 120 | 1.32922799×1036 | 21.4829824 meters | 1,329,227,995,784,915,872,903,807,060,280,344,576 |
37 | 121 | 2.65845599×1036 | 42.9659648 meters | 2,658,455,991,569,831,745,807,614,120,560,689,152 |
37 | 122 | 5.31691198×1036 | 85.9319296 meters | 5,316,911,983,139,663,491,615,228,241,121,378,304 |
38 | 123 | 1.06338239×1037 | 171.86386 meters | 10,633,823,966,279,326,983,230,456,482,242,756,608 |
38 | 124 | 2.12676479×1037 | 343.72772 meters | 21,267,647,932,558,653,966,460,912,964,485,513,216 |
38 | 125 | 4.25352958×1037 | 687.455439 meters | 42,535,295,865,117,307,932,921,825,928,971,026,432 |
39 | 126 | 8.50705917×1037 | 1.37491087 kilometers | 85,070,591,730,234,615,865,843,651,857,942,052,864 |
39 | 127 | 1.70141183×1038 | 2.74982174 kilometers | 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 |
39 | 128 | 3.40282366×1038 | 5.49964348 kilometers | 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 |
40 | 129 | 6.04462936×1038 | 10.999287 kilometers | 680,564,733,841,876,926,926,749,214,863,536,422,912 |
40 | 130 | 1.36112946×1039 | 21.998574 kilometers | 1,361,129,467,683,753,853,853,498,429,727,072,845,824 |
40 | 131 | 2.72225893×1039 | 43.997148 kilometers | 2,722,258,935,367,507,707,706,996,859,454,145,691,648 |
40 | 132 | 5.44451787×1039 | 87.994296 kilometers | 5,444,517,870,735,015,415,413,993,718,908,291,383,296 |
41 | 133 | 1.08890357×1040 | 175.988592 kilometers | 10,889,035,741,470,030,830,827,987,437,816,582,766,592 |
41 | 134 | 2.17780714×1040 | 351.977184 kilometers | 21,778,071,482,940,061,661,655,974,875,633,165,33184 |
41 | 135 | 4.355614296×1040 | 703.954368 kilometers | 43,556,142,965,880,123,323,311,949,751,266,331,066,368 |
42 | 136 | 8.711228593×1040 | 1407.90874 kilometers | 87,112,285,931,760,246,646,623,899,502,532,662,132,736 |
42 | 137 | 1.742245718×1041 | 2815.81748 kilometers | 174,224,571,863,520,493,293,247,799,005,065,324,265,472 |
41 | 134 | 2.17780714×1040 | 351.977184 kilometers | 21,778,071,482,940,061,661,655,974,875,633,165,33184 |
41 | 135 | 4.355614296×1040 | 703.954368 kilometers | 43,556,142,965,880,123,323,311,949,751,266,331,066,368 |
42 | 136 | 8.711228593×1040 | 1407.90874 kilometers | 87,112,285,931,760,246,646,623,899,502,532,662,132,736 |
42 | 137 | 1.742245718×1041 | 2815.81748 kilometers | 174,224,571,863,520,493,293,247,799,005,065,324,265,472 |
42 | 138 | 3.484491437×1041 | 5631.63496 kilometers | 348,449,143,727,040,986,586,495,598,010,130,648,530,944 |
43 | 139 | 6.18970044×1041 | 11,263.2699 kilometers | 696,898,287,454,081,973,172,991,196,020,261,297,061,888 |
43 | 140 | 1.23794009×1042 | 22,526.5398 kilometers | 1,393,796,574,908,163,946,345,982,392,040,522,594,123,776 |
43 | 141 | 2.47588018×1042 | 45 053.079 kilometers | 2,787,593,149,816,327,892,691,964,784,081,045,188,247,552 |
43 | 142 | 4.95176036×1042 | 90 106.158 kilometers | 5,575,186,299,632,655,785,383,929,568,162,090,376,495,104 |
44 | 143 | 1.11503726×1043 | 180,212.316 kilometers | 11,150,372,599,265,311,570,767,859,136,324,180,752,990,208 |
44 | 144 | 2.23007451×1043 | 360,424.632 kilometers | 22,300,745,198,530,623,141,535,718,272,648,361,505,980,416 |
44 | 145 | 4.46014903×1043 | 720,849.264 kilometers | 44,601,490,397,061,246,283,071,436,545,296,723,011,960,832 |
45 | 146 | 8.9202980×1043 | 1,441,698.55 kilometers | 89,202,980,794,122,492,566,142,873,090,593,446,023,921,664 |
45 | 147 | 1.78405961×1044 | 2,883,397.1 kilometers | 178,405,961,588,244,985,132,285,746,181,186,892,047,843,328 |
45 | 148 | 3.56811923×1044 | 5,766,794.2 kilometers | 356811923176489970264571492362373784095686656 |
46 | 149 | 7.13623846×1044 | 11,533,588.4 kilometers | 713623846352979940529142984724747568191373312 |
46 | 150 | 1.42724769×1045 | 23,067,176.8 kilometers | 1427247692705959881058285969449495136382746624 |
46 | 151 | 2.85449538×1045 | 46,134,353.6 kilometers | 2,854,495,385,411,919,762,116,571,938,898,990,272,765,493,248 |
46 | 152 | 5.70899077×1045 | 92,268,707.1 kilometers | 5708990770823839524233143877797980545530986496 |
47 | 153 |
1.14179815×1046
|
184,537,414 kilometers | 11417981541647679048466287755595961091061972992 |
47 | 154 | 2.28359638×1046 | 369,074,829 kilometers | 22835963083295358096932575511191922182123945984 |
47 | 155 | 4.56719261×1046 | 738,149,657 kilometers | 45671926166590716193865151022383844364247891968 |
48 | 156 | 9.13438523×1046 | 1.47629931×1012 meters | 91343852333181432387730302044767688728495783936 |
48 | 157 | 1.826877046×1047 | 2.95259863×1012 meters | 182687704666362864775460604089535377456991567872 |
48 | 158 | 3.653754093×1047 | 5.90519726×1012 meters | 365375409332725729550921208179070754913983135744 |
49 | 159 | 7.307508186×1047 | 1.18103945×1013 meters | 730750818665451459101842416358141509827966271488 |
49 | 160 | 1.461501637×1048 | 2.36207882 ×1013m | 1461501637330902918203684832716283019655932542976 |
49 | 161 | 2.923003274×1048 | 4.72415764 ×1013m | 2923003274661805836407369665432566039311865085952 |
49 | 162 | 5.846006549×1048 | 9.44831528 ×1013m | 5846006549323611672814739330865132078623730171904 |
50 | 163 | 1.16920130×1049 | 1.88966306×1014m | 11692013098647223345629478661730264157247460343808 |
50 | 164 | 2.33840261×1049 | 3.77932612×1014m | 23384026197294446691258957323460528314494920687616 |
50 | 165 | 4.67680523×1049 | 7.55865224×1014m | 46768052394588893382517914646921056628989841375232 |
51 | 166 | 9.35361047×1049 | 1.5117305×1015m | 93536104789177786765035829293842113257979682750464 |
51 | 167 | 1.87072209×1050 | 3.0234609×1015m | 187072209578355573530071658587684226515959365500928 |
51 | 168 | 3.74144419×1050 | 6.0469218×1015m | 374144419156711147060143317175368453031918731001856 |
52 | 169 | 7.48288838×1050 | 1.20938436×1016m | 748288838313422294120286634350736906063837462003712 |
52 | 170 | 1.49657767×1051 | 2.41876872×1016m | 1496577676626844588240573268701473812127674924007424 |
52 | 171 | 2.99315535×1051 | 4.83753744 ×1016m | 2993155353253689176481146537402947624255349848014848 |
52 | 172 | 5.98631070×1051 | 9.67507488 ×1016m | 5986310706507378352962293074805895248510699696029696 |
53 | 173 | 1.19726214×1052 | 1.93501504 ×1017m | 11972621413014756705924586149611790497021399392059392 |
53 | 174 | 2.39452428×1052 | 3.87002996 ×1017m | 23945242826029513411849172299223580994042798784118784 |
53 | 175 | 4.78904856×1052 | 7.74005992 ×1017m | 47890485652059026823698344598447161988085597568237568 |
54 | 176 | 9.57809713×1052 | 1.54801198×1018m | 95780971304118053647396689196894323976171195136475136 |
54 | 177 | 1.91561942×1053 | 3.09602396×1018m | 191561942608236107294793378393788647952342390272950272 |
54 | 178 | 3.83123885×1053 | 6.19204792×1018m | 383123885216472214589586756787577295904684780545900544 |
55 | 179 | 7.66247770×1053 | 1.23840958×1019m | 766247770432944429179173513575154591809369561091801088 |
55 | 180 | 1.53249554×1054 | 2.47681916×1019m | 1532495540865888858358347027150309183618739122183602176 |
55 | 181 | 3.06499108×1054 | 4.95363832×1019m | 3064991081731777716716694054300618367237478244367204352 |
55 | 182 | 6.12998216×1054 | 9.90727664×1019m | 6129982163463555433433388108601236734474956488734408704 |
56 | 183 | 1.22599643×1055 | 1.981455338×1020m | 12259964326927110866866776217202473468949912977468817408 |
56 | 184 | 2.45199286×1055 | 3.96291068×1020m | 24519928653854221733733552434404946937899825954937634816 |
56 | 185 | 4.90398573×1055 | 7.92582136×1020m | 49039857307708443467467104868809893875799651909875269632 |
57 | 186 | 9.80797146×1055 | 1.58516432×1021m | 98079714615416886934934209737619787751599303819750539264 |
57 | 187 | 1.96159429×1056 | 3.17032864×1021m | 196159429230833773869868419475239575503198607639501078528 |
57 | 188 | 3.92318858×1056 | 6.34065727 ×1021m | 392318858461667547739736838950479151006397215279002157056 |
58 | 189 | 7.84637716×1056 | 1.26813145 ×1022m | 784637716923335095479473677900958302012794430558004314112 |
58 | 190 | 1.56927543×1057 | 2.53626284×1022m | 1569275433846670190958947355801916604025588861116008628224 |
58 | 191 | 3.13855086×1057 | 5.07252568×1022m | 3138550867693340381917894711603833208051177722232017256448 |
59 | 192 | 6.27710173×1057 | 1.01450514×1023m | 6277101735386680763835789423207666416102355444464034512896 |
59 | 193 | 1.25542034×1058 | 2.02901033×1023m | 12554203470773361527671578846415332832204710888928069025792 |
59 | 194 | 2.51084069×1058 | 4.05802056×1023m | 25108406941546723055343157692830665664409421777856138051584 |
59 | 195 | 5.02168138×1058 | 8.11604112×1023m | 50216813883093446110686315385661331328818843555712276103168 |
60 | 196 | 1.00433628×1059 | 1.62320822×1024m | 100433627766186892221372630771322662657637687111424552206336 |
60 | 197 | 2.0086725×1059 | 3.24641644×1024m | 200867255532373784442745261542645325315275374222849104412672 |
60 | 198 | 4.01734511×1059 | 6.49283305×1024m | 401734511064747568885490523085290650630550748445698208825344 |
61 | 199 | 8.03469022×1059 | 1.29856658×1025m | 803469022129495137770981046170581301261101496891396417650688 |
61 | 200 | 1.60693804×1060 | 2.59713316×1025m | 1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376 |
61 | 201 | 3.21387608×1060 | 5.19426632×1025m | 3213876088517980551083924184682325205044405987565585670602752 |
_________________ | ______________________ | _____________________________________________ | ||
62 | 202 | 6.42775217×1060 | 1.03885326×1026 meters | 6427752177035961102167848369364650410088811975131171341205504 |
62 | 203 | 1.28555043×1061 | 2.07770658×1026 meters | 12855504354071922204335696738729300820177623950262342682411008 |
62 | 204 | 2.57110087×1061 | 4.15541315×1026 meters | 25711008708143844408671393477458601640355247900524685364822016 |
62 | 205 | 5.14220174×1061 | 8.31082608×1026 meters | 5142201741628768881734278695491720328071049580104937072964403 |